WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK REPRODUCTION S S 1 2nd Term E-Note
SS1 SECOND TERM LIVESTOCK FARMING (ANIMAL HUSBANDRY) SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK REPRODUCTION
Definition of reproduction in farm animals.
Key terms: Ovulation, oestrus cycle, heat period, mating, gestation, parturition, and lactation.
WEEK 2: ANATOMY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
Study of male and female reproductive organs in ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats) and non-ruminants.
Functions of specific reproductive parts.
WEEK 3: REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES IN RUMINANTS
Detailed look at reproduction in cattle, sheep, and goats.
Signs of heat and the oestrus cycle.
WEEK 4: REPRODUCTION IN POULTRY
The reproduction process in poultry with a specific focus on egg formation.
Incubation and hatching processes.
WEEK 5: REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES
Roles of female hormones (oestrogen, progesterone, relaxin, oxytocin).
Roles of male hormones (testosterone/androgen).
WEEK 6: BREEDING METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES
Breeding techniques: Inbreeding, cross-breeding, and out-breeding.
Introduction to Artificial Insemination (AI).
WEEK 7: MANAGEMENT OF PREGNANT FARM ANIMALS
Identification and specialized care for pregnant animals (e.g., steaming up).
Practical observation of pregnant animals in the school farm.
WEEK 8: PARTURITION (BIRTH PROCESS)
Signs of approaching parturition.
The stages of birth in various livestock species.
WEEK 9: MANAGEMENT OF YOUNG ANIMALS
Care of the young immediately after birth (colostrum feeding, hygiene).
Management practices like weaning and identification (tagging/branding).
WEEK 10: COMMON LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Routine operations: Castration, debeaking, dehorning, dipping, and drenching.
WEEK 11: REVISION
Review of all topics covered during the term.
WEEK 12: EXAMINATION
SUBJECT: Livestock Farming
CLASS: SS 1
TERM: Second Term
WEEK: 1
TOPIC: Introduction to Livestock Reproduction
DURATION: 40–80 Minutes (Double Period Recommended)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
- Define reproduction in farm animals.
- Explain the meaning of livestock reproduction.
- Correctly define and use key reproductive terms in livestock production.
- Identify the importance of reproduction in livestock farming.
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR
Students have basic knowledge of farm animals such as goats, sheep, cattle, poultry, and pigs.
TEACHING AND LEARNING MATERIALS
- Charts or pictures of farm animals
- Whiteboard and marker
- Textbook
- Real-life examples from local farms
TEACHING METHODS
- Discussion method
- Question and answer method
- Explanation
- Demonstration using diagrams
INTRODUCTION (SET INDUCTION)
The teacher begins the lesson by asking students questions such as:
- How do animals give birth?
- Why do farmers allow male and female animals to mate?
- What happens if animals do not reproduce?
Students’ responses are used to introduce the topic Introduction to Livestock Reproduction.
CONTENT
MEANING AND DEFINITION OF REPRODUCTION IN FARM ANIMALS
Reproduction in farm animals is the biological process by which male and female animals produce young ones of their own kind to increase their population.
In livestock production, reproduction involves all the processes from the mating of male and female animals to the birth of young ones and their nourishment.
IMPORTANCE OF REPRODUCTION IN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
- Ensures a continuous supply of livestock products, including meat, milk, eggs, and hides.
- Helps replace old or deceased animals on the farm.
- Increases livestock population for commercial purposes.
- Improves breed quality through selective breeding.
- Ensures the sustainability of livestock farming.
KEY TERMS IN LIVESTOCK REPRODUCTION
1. Ovulation
Ovulation is the process by which a mature egg (ovum) is released from the ovary of a female animal and made available for fertilization.
2. Oestrus Cycle
The oestrus cycle is the regular, repeated sequence of reproductive events that occur in female farm animals from one heat period to the next.
3. Heat Period (Oestrus)
The heat period is the stage in the oestrus cycle when a female animal is sexually receptive and ready to mate with a male animal.
4. Mating
Mating is the act of sexual union between a mature male and female animal for the purpose of reproduction.
5. Gestation
Gestation is the period between fertilization and birth during which the embryo develops inside the uterus of the female animal.
6. Parturition
Parturition is the process by which a pregnant female animal gives birth to her young ones.
7. Lactation
Lactation is the process of producing and secreting milk by the mammary glands of a female animal after giving birth.
TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES
- Explains the concept of reproduction using examples.
- Displays charts showing reproductive processes.
- Guides students through definitions and key terms.
- Encourages class participation through questions.
STUDENTS’ ACTIVITIES
- Participate in class discussions.
- Observe diagrams and charts.
- Answer oral questions.
- Take down notes.
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
- Define reproduction in farm animals.
- What is ovulation?
- Explain the meaning of the oestrus cycle.
- State three important aspects of reproduction in livestock production.
- Differentiate between gestation and parturition.
SUMMARY
Livestock reproduction is essential for the survival and productivity of farm animals. It involves processes such as ovulation, mating, gestation, parturition, and lactation, which ensure continuous livestock production.
ASSIGNMENT
- List five farm animals and state their average gestation periods.
- Write short notes on the heat period and lactation.
REFERENCE
- SS 1 Agricultural Science Textbook
- WAEC/NECO Syllabus
- Teacher’s Handbook
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